Konsep Masyarakat Sejahtera Versi Gus Muhaimin
Penulis : Fathurrahman Yahya *)
Dampak perubahan iklim (climate change) bagi kelangkaan pangan menjadi kekhawatiran dunia, dan diprediksi bisa melebihi pandemi Covid-19 yang secara nyata saat ini telah melumpuhkan simpul-simpul perekonomian masyarakat. Nah, disadari dari sekian banyak sektor perekonomian yang terdampak, pertanian justru memiliki daya tahan yang kuat dari gempuran Covid-19. Sudah siapkah kita (sebagai bangsa) Indonesia untuk menghadapi ancaman kelangkaan pangan, terutama di saat pandemi?
“Menghadapi krisis ini, negara harus hadir untuk memikirkan pembangunan sektor pertanin sebagai bagian dari politik kesejahteraan”, kata Abdul Muhaimin Iskandar (dipanggil : Gus Muhaimin) sebagaimana digulirkan dalam bukunya ; “ NEGARA DAN POLITIK KESEJAHTERAAN : Reorientasi Arah Baru Pembangunan”.
Pemikiran Gus Muhaimin tentang urgensi pembangunan sektor pertanian dan UMKM memiliki momentumnya saat dunia dilanda krisis seperti sekarang ini. Saat masing-masing negara-bangsa memikirkan dirinya sendiri untuk bisa survive. Lebih-lebih lagi dalam situasi perang Rusia-Ukraina yang membayangi krisis pangan dunia akibat mata rantai pasokan yang terganggu.
Pertanian, Basis Kesejahteraan
Membaca buku karya Gus Muhaimin, semakin mengukuhkan kesadaran kita untuk melakukan reorientasi pembangunan Indonesia ke depan, terutama pasca reformasi yang selalu “gagah” dengan jargon-jargon demokrasi untuk mensejahterakan rakyat.
Pasca reformasi, Indonesia sebenarnya telah melalukan lompatan demokrasi-politik yang sangat berarti melalui jargon-jargon demokratisasi, dalam rangka kesamaan kesempatan (equal of opportunities), termasuk dalam hal distribusi perekonomian secara merata dan adil antara pusat dan daerah serta antara kota dan desa.
Demokrasi yang kita gaungkan selama lebih dari 20 tahun (1998-2021), semestinya semakin menguatkan jejak langkah kita menuju kesejahteraan.
Tetapi, dalam kurun waktu tersebut, tampaknya kita masih ambigu dan bahkan kadangkala ragu dengan lompatan kita sendiri, dari mana dan hendak kemana arah pembangunan kita akan melangkah. Bahkan, pembangunan sektor pertanian yang sesunguhnya menjadi basis kesejahteraan masyarakat, terlupakan. Baru sadar karena adanya krisis pangan akibat pandemi, sehingga lumbung pangan mulai dibangun di mana-mana.
Tampaknya, pandemi Covid-19 ini, memberi hikmah luar bisa bagi penyadaran para elit politik dan pemerintah, khususnya Pemerintah Indonesia untuk melakukan reorientasi pembagunan, utamanya pembangunan sektor pertanian. Karena diyakini bahwa sektor ini tidak hanya menjadi benteng pertahanan masyarakat untuk bertahan hidup (survive), tetapi justru akan menjadi benteng ketahanan nasional sebagai negara bangsa yang berdaulat di bidang pangan.
Di sini, Gus Muhaimin mengkritisi kebijakan pemerintah yang menurutnya terjadi gap yang besar antara rumusan program dan kebijakan yang dibuat dengan kenyataan di lapangan.
Dalam pengantarnya, ia berpendapat bahwa demokrasi yang kita cita-citakan masih dimaknai secara teknis prosedural, jauh dari makna substantif yang harus diwujudkan-yaitu mewujudkan kesejahteraan rakyat.
Maka, “demokrasi tidak boleh tidak, harus berkorelasi positif dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi, pemerataan dan kesejahteraan. Disitulah demokrasi baru akan memiliki makna kemanusiaan”, tulis Gus Muhaimin
Konsep pembangunan pertanian yang ditawarkan Gus Muhaimin dalam buku ini adalah dalam rangka mengurangi tingkat kemiskinan masyarakat di pedesaan. Menurutnya, kemiskinan petani terjadi karena banyak faktor, antaranya ; modal yang terbatas, tidak adanya jaminan (ketidak pastian) harga serta tidak adanya jaringan atau link pemasaran produk pertanian. Maka, negara mesti hadir untuk memikirkan dan memberi solusi bagi persoalan masyarakat – petani – tidak abai terhadap pembangunan sektor pertanian.
Korelasi kemiskinan masyarakat di pedesaan dengan pengabaian terhadap pembangunan ekonomi pertanian seperti yang dicermati Gus Muhaimin sejalan dengan konsep Bruce F.Johnston dan John W.Mellor dalam “The Role of Agriculture In Economic Development” (1961). Konsep Johnston dan Mellor menafikan dikhotomi pembangunan pertanian dengan pembangunan industri. Justru ada keterkaitan (korelasi) antara keduanya.
Ketersediaan pangan – makanan murah – karena suplai produk pertanian lokal-pedesaan yang terpenuhi dan terjangkau, akan membantu para pekerja di lingkungan industri atau masyarakat perkotaan (urban labor) untuk menyisakan sebagian uang – gaji – dan menyimpannya di Bank. Lalu, dana simpanan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk proyek-proyek pembangunan negara. Konsep inilah yang kemudian diadopsi China.
Sebagai catatan, Negeri Tirai Bambu yang berpenduduk sekitar 1.5 miliar dengan kemandiriannya dalam sektor pertanian, berhasil mengentaskan jutaan orang dari jerat kemiskinan. Setelah reformasi tahun 1978, yang dimulai dari akselerasi pembangunan sektor pertanian, China kini bertransformasi menjadi kekuatan ekonomi dunia yang menakjubkan.
Di tengah krisis pandemi Covid-19 yang juga berdampak pada kelangkaan pangan, China justru mampu bertahan. Bahkan pada kuwartal I 2021, pertumbuhan ekonomi China mencapai 18,3 %. Pendapatan (Income) perkapita masyarakat pedesaan (2020) meningkat signifikan, 5,7%.
*****
Secara garis besar, bagian-bagian buku ini membahas gagasan–gagasan konstruktif Gus Muhaimin mengenai visi negara dalam konteks politik kesejahteraan seperti ; (1) negara dan visi politik kesejahteraan, (2) demokrasi dan kesejahteraan, (3) politik pembangunan pertanian, (4) visi dasar pendidikan, (5) demokrasi ekonomi dan gagasan ekonomi kerakyatan.
Buku yang ditulis Ketua Umum DPP Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) yang sekaligus wakil ketua DPR RI (2019-2025) bidang Kesejahteraan Rakyat ini memiliki momentum yang tepat untuk merangsang semangat dan kesadaran para politisi di Parlemen serta elit pemerintahan untuk bersama-sama merancang arah pembangunan bangsa ke depan menuju kesejahteraan yang diinginkan, bukan hanya memikirkan demokrasi politik prosedural lima tahunan.
Menurut Gus Muhaimin, arah pembangunan yang (harus) dijalankan negara adalah; pembangunan yang dapat menyelesaikan persoalan riil masyarakat, pembangunan yang bisa dinikmati seluruh lapisan masyarakat dan pembangunan yang mampu mengurangi disparitas kesenjangan sosial dan kesenjangan antar wilayah. Maka, pembangunan sektor pertanian adalah solusinya.
Apakah konsep pembangunan sektor pertanian – masyarakat pedesaan – yang digulirkan Gus Muhaimin dalam buku ini sebagai pengamatan eksprimental saat beliau menjadi Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi 2009-2014? Apakah konsep kesejahteraan yang dirancang Gus Muhaimin dalam buku ini sebagai “ijon” politik untuk mendulang suara rakyat pada Pemilihan Presiden 2024 ? Wallahu A´lam…
*) Fathurahman Yahya, Editor, tinggal di Beijing-China.
Data Buku :
Judul : NEGARA DAN POLITIK KESEJAHTERAAN : Reorientasi Arah Baru Pembangunan
Penulis : A.Muhaimin Iskandar
Tahun Terbit : 2021
Penerbit : Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta
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