Fathurrahman Yahya *)
detikNews, Selasa, 14 Feb 2023 14:18 WIB
Jakarta – Selang beberapa bulan menyelesaikan presidensi G20 di Bali pada November 2022 lalu, kini Indonesia memulai tugas presidensi ASEAN 2023. Ini menjadi tantangan dan kesempatan diplomasi Indonesia untuk menunjukkan kepemimpinannya di kawasan Asia Tenggara dan dunia, karena Indonesia merupakan negara penting di ASEAN secara politik dan ekonomi. Dan, ASEAN itu sendiri tidak hanya penting bagi bangsa Asia Tenggara, tetapi juga penting bagi dunia.
Mengapa Penting?
Secara demografis negara-negara anggota ASEAN diperkirakan memiliki jumlah populasi 662 juta jiwa dengan produk domestik bruto (PDB) gabungan sebesar $3,2 triliun (2019). Perhimpunan bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara ini memainkan peran penting secara ekonomi, geopolitik, dan strategis. ASEAN menjadi lalu lintas perdagangan dunia dan menempati posisi ketiga dalam pemeringkatan ekonomi regional di Asia dan ekonomi terbesar kelima di dunia setelah AS, China, Jepang, dan Jerman.
Pada saat menghadiri kegiatan KTT ASEAN dan EAS di Bali, November 2011 yang lalu Presiden AS, Barack Obama menegaskan bahwa kawasan ini (ASEAN) muncul sebagai mesin ekonomi dunia dan sebagai pusat untuk mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi dan menciptakan lapangan kerja. Dalam perspektif (ekonomi) ini, ASEAN merupakan organisasi kawasan yang sangat atraktif dan penting.
Hanya saja, banyak pengamat mencermati bahwa belakangan, ASEAN dinilai kurang memiliki sensitivitas dan visi strategis serta kepemimpinan yang kuat terutama di tengah pergeseran dan dinamika pengaruh geopolitik di kawasan Indo Pasifik. Agresivitas China di satu sisi dan Amerika Serikat di sisi lain untuk terlibat dalam mengelola persoalan-persoalan di kawasan tampak tidak direspons dengan cepat, lebih khusus lagi dalam menangani persoalan di Myanmar sebagai salah satu negara anggota ASEAN, sehingga muncul pertanyaan “Does ASEAN Matter?” sebagaimana dalam judul buku karya Menteri Luar Negeri Indonesia (2009-2014), Marty Natalegawa.
Waspada Rivalitas
Posisi geografis dan strategis ASEAN, khususnya Indonesia yang berada di antara negara-negara aliansi AS sangat penting, oleh karenanya menjadi kewaspadaan, walaupun nuansa rivalitas antara AS di bawah pemerintahan Presiden Joe Biden dengan China tidak terlihat konfrontatif. Pertemuan kedua pemimpin (AS-China) pada KTT G20 15-16 November 2022 di Bali, menunjukkan bahwa pertemuan pemimpin kedua negara antara Presiden Joe Biden dan Presiden Xi Jinping berlangsung secara damai dan penuh persahabatan. Artinya, dalam ranah ini, diplomasi Indonesia berhasil mempertemukan kekuatan blok Timur dan blok Barat.
Padahal, selama pemerintahan Donald Trump (2017-2021), hubungan (dagang) Amerika Serikat-China dinilai berada pada titik nadir dengan tensi politik dan diplomatik yang eskalatif. Komunikasi politik antara Washington dan Beijing saling bersahutan dengan nada tinggi dalam menangani isu-isu di kawasan, hingga muncul penguatan QUAD, front persatuan (pertahanan dan keamanan) sekutu AS yang terdiri dari ; AS, Australia, Jepang dan India di kawasan Indo Pasifik yang kerap disebut media sebagai NATO versi Asia.
Nah, rivalitas dua kekuatan di kawasan Indo Pasifik, Amerika di satu sisi dan China di sisi lain, setidaknya akan memaksa negara-negara kekuatan menengah dan berkembang di kawasan ASEAN, khususnya Indonesia untuk segera beradaptasi dalam rangka menyesuaikan strategi dan kebijakan luar negerinya dengan situasi baru geopolitik di kawasan.
Kawasan yang sangat dinamis ini tidak hanya menjadi rebutan pengaruh geopolitik dua negara adidaya tersebut, tetapi juga sejumlah negara Eropa. Jerman misalnya, sudah mencermati dan mewaspadai situasi di kawasan, sehingga pada 2020 menerbitkan pedoman kerja sama dan kemitraan untuk kawasan Indo Pasifik (Policy guidelines for the Indo-Pacific). Negara dengan kekuatan ekonomi nomor satu di Eropa ini telah menetapkan tujuan untuk mengembangkan kemitraan strategis dengan sejumlah negara di kawasan tersebut meliputi lima negara: Australia, China, India, Indonesia, dan Vietnam.
Setidaknya, Jerman akan mengubah pola “aliansi” dagangnya dengan China dan telah mendesain masa depan hubungan dagangnya dengan dua negara adidaya tersebut walaupun dengan pendekatan yang berbeda. Jerman tentunya tidak akan melakukan strategi politik “anti China” seperti hanya Amerika Serikat, tetapi paling tidak akan mengurangi ketergantungannya dengan China. Karena, selama ini hubungan dagang dan investasi Jerman – China sangat kuat, utamanya sejak era Kanselir Angela Merkel. Di sinilah diplomasi Indonesia akan diuji kembali melalui keketuaan ASEAN 2023.
Kekuatan Diplomasi
Dengan pengalaman dan kekuatan diplomasi Indonesia baik dalam level regional dan internasional, keketuaan Indonesia ASEAN 2023, setidaknya akan menjawab tantangan-tantangan yang dihadapi negara-negara anggota ASEAN dan memberi efek positif untuk kepentingan bersama dengan spirit dan semangat sentralitas ASEAN.
Dua isu yang menjadi perhatian Indonesia adalah menguatkan mekanisme (internal) ASEAN, kemudian menjaga stabilitas dan keseimbangan kekuatan (geopllitik) di kawasan Indo Pasifik demi kemakmuran sebagaimana ditegaskan Dirjen Kerjasama ASEAN Kementerian Luar Negeri Sidharto R. Suryodipuro dalam wawancaranya dengan CNN Indonesia saat kegiatan kick off ASEAN di Bundaran HI, Minggu (29/1).
Persoalan internal ASEAN, persoalan Myanmar, dan isu-isu geopolitik kawasan akan menjadi tanggung jawab berat dalam keketuaan Indonesia ASEAN 2023. Tetapi, dengan konsep “soft diplomacy” dan “none megaphone diplomacy” yang kerap digunakan Menteri Luar Negeri Retno Marsudi bisa menjadi modal dan model dalam upaya menyelesaikan persoalan di Myanmar.
Mengembalikan pemerintahan yang legitimated dan stabil di Myanmar menjadi tugas berat Indonesia sebagai ketua ASEAN. Sebaliknya, membiarkan distabilitas berkelanjutan di Myanmar bisa menjadi preseden buruk bagi ASEAN. Sebagai anak kandung ASEAN, Myanmar perlu dirangkul agar tidak beralih ke pangkuan blok lain yang akan berdampak di kawasan. Dengan spirit sentralitas ASEAN, perhimpunan bangsa-bangsa Asia Tenggara ini akan lebih kuat dan penting.
Fathurrahman Yahya, mahasiswa Doktoral Kajian Komunikasi Politik dan Diplomasi Pascasarjana Universitas Sahid Jakarta
Baca artikel detiknews, “Mengapa ASEAN “Masih” Penting?” selengkapnya https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-6566306/mengapa-asean-masih-penting.
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