Titik Nol Nusantara di Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN), Kabupaten Penajam Paser Utara, Kalimantan Timur, Rabu (5/7). Foto: Alfadillah/kumparan
Pergantian kepemimpinan nasional (suksesi) yang sejatinya dilaksanakan setiap lima tahun melalui proses pemilihan umum sebagaimana diamanatkan Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 tentang pemilu sudah ramai diperbincangkan publik sejak 2022 silam.
Bahkan, Presiden Joko Widodo, dalam acara APINDO, Senin (31/7/2023), menegaskan kembali agar para pengusaha “berhati-hati memilih pemimpin”.
Penegasan Presiden Joko Widodo tentang kriteria pemimpin Indonesia ke depan terus berulang disampaikan kepada publik, terutama sejak partai Nasional Demokrat (Nasdem) mengumumkan lebih awal calon presidennya yaitu Anies Rasyid Baswedan—atau lebih dikenal Anies Baswedan—yang dinarasikan (oleh sebagian orang) sebagai sosok intoleran dan antitesis.
Mengapa Presiden Joko Widodo begitu serius mencari sosok pemimpin Indonesia di 2024 sesuai keriterianya? Apakah “sosok antitesis” perlu dikhawatirkan dalam konteks demokrasi kita di era reformasi? Ada beberapa catatan yang bisa menjelaskan soal suksesi kepemimpinan nasional yang sedang menjadi perbincangan publik saat ini.
Kelangsungan Pembangunan IKN
Menteri PUPR Basuki Hadimuljono meninjau progres pembangunan IKN Nusantara. Foto: PUPR
Dalam pidato sambutan pada acara Rakernas Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) di SemarangSemarang (23/2/2023), Presiden Joko Widodo menyampaikan harapannya bahwa pemimpin Indonesia ke depan adalah pemimpin yang dapat melanjutkan perubahan-perubahan yang sudah dilakukannya.
Pesan politik didi balik pernyataan tersebut bahwa, yang pertama, Presiden Joko Widodo berharap agar gagasan-gagasan besar pembangunan yang telah dirancang dan dieksekusi selama hampir dua periode pemerintahannya (2014-2019) dan (2029-2024) di bidang infrastruktur, termasuk pembangunan Ibu Kota Negara–Nusantara (IKN) dilanjutkan.
Kedua, Presiden Joko Widodo secara eksplisit berharap agar suksesi kepemimpinan nasional dapat berlangsung alamiah sebagaimana diatur dalam tahapan pemilu 2024, sehingga menghasilkan pemimpin yang dapat memajukan bangsa menuju Indonesia emas 2045.
Pesan politis yang disampaikan Presiden Joko Widodo terkait keberlangsungan pembangunan, termasuk pembangunan IKN mendapat dukungan sejumlah Menteri Kabinet Indonesia Maju dan sejumlah elite politik di Parlemen dengan manuver-manuvernya. Mereka bersuara lantang mengusulkan perpanjangan masa jabatan Presiden menjadi 8 tahun, atau 3 periode.
Salah satu alasannya, karena Undang-undang megaproyek pembangunan IKN yang menjadi mimpi besar Presiden Joko Widodo belum jelas dan belum disahkan DPR (waktu itu), sehingga akan menggantung minat investor untuk menanamkan modalnya pada proyek pembangunan IKN.
Gagasan pemindahan ibukota negara ke Kalimantan yang pernah diinisiasi Presiden Soekarno tahun 1957 dan sempat “tertidur lelap” dari satu rezim ke rezim yang lain, sesungguhnya menjadi taruhan politik Joko Widodo yang sangat besar dan berisiko tinggi.
Di tengah kontroversi masyarakat-pun, Presiden Joko Widodo berani dan tetap kukuh dengan pendiriannya akan memindahkan ibukota negara ke Kalimantan sebagai upaya pemerataan ekonomi dan pembangunan nasional.
Mimpi besar dan rencana pembangunan tersebut telah dikuatkan dengan terbitnya Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2022 tentang Ibu Kota Negara pada tanggal 15 Februari 2022 dan Peraturan Presiden (PERPRES) No.62 tentang Otorita Ibu Kota Nusantara yang telah ditetapkan pada 18 April 2022.
Dengan terbitnya UU Nomor 3 Tahun 2022 IKN dan Perpres Nomor 62 2022 Otorita IKN serta progres pembangunannya yang mulai menggeliat di sana, Presiden Joko Widodo tampak mulai riang dan “enjoy”. Di sinilah sebenarnya substansi “cawe-cawe” politik Presiden Joko Widodo bisa dibaca, khawatir terhadap sosok “antitesis”.
Dengan terbitnya UU dan Perpres tersebut, Presiden Joko Widodo semakin percaya bahwa pembangunan IKN tidak bisa digagalkan begitu saja oleh penerusnya, karena sudah disahkan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) di Parlemen.
Hanya saja, kekhawatiran kembali dimunculkan ke ruang publik tentang kehadiran “sosok antitesis” dalam kontestasi pemilihan Presiden 2024 yang dinarasikan dapat mengancam keberlangsungan rencana pembangunan tersebut.
Tidak heran, ketika partai Nasdem mendeklarasikan Anies Baswedan sebagai capres 2024 (3/10/2022) yang kemudian dinarasikan Zulvan Lindan (mantan politisi Nasdem) sebagai “antitesis” Joko Widodo, kekhawatiran dan reaksi politis muncul dan mejadi perdebatan politik yang berkelanjutan.
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Bahkan, secara implisit Presiden Joko Widodo kerap menyindir pencapresan Anies Baswedan oleh Nasdem dan memberikan kisi-kisi calon presiden yang diinginkan dengan ciri dan kriterianya.
PDIP sebagai partai pengusung Joko Widodo pada Pilpres 2014 dan 2019 secara terang benderang juga mulai menjaga jarak dengan Nasdem, soal pencapresan Anies Baswedan yang dinilai antitesis Joko Widodo.
Istilah “antitesis” merupakan pemikiran filsafat dialektika George Wilhem Friederich Hegel (1770-1831 M,) di mana antitesis menjadi pelawan tesis, sementara sintesis bisa menjadi penyeimbang keduanya.
Dialektika seperti ini lumrah dan akan terjadi dalam setiap sejarah sosial politik, termasuk dalam suksesi kepemimpinan di Indonesia sejak Presiden Soekarno hingga Presiden Joko Widodo.
Artinya, setiap rezim pemerintahan akan menonjolkan entitas dirinya dan identiats kelompoknya (partai) sebagai penguasa yang memenangkan kontestasi politik dengan narasi-narasi perubahan.
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Memang dalam catatan perjalanan pemerintahan bangsa ini, fenomena “antitesis” begitu ekstrem terjadi. Lahirnya Orde Baru dengan cepat melakukan perubahan-perubahan politis yang sangat krusial yaitu dibubarkannya Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI). Pertanyaannya, Apakah “antitesis” begitu dikhawatirkan pada era reformasi?
Semestinya, “antitesis” tidak perlu dikhawatirkan secara berlebihan karena beberapa catatan. Pertama, Undang-Undang Partai Politik bermuara pada Pancasila, sehingga tidak akan ada perubahan ideologi negara secara radikal yang akan mudah mengubah segala perangkat dan landasan ideologi negara.
Kedua, Pancasila sebagai landasan ideologi negara telah menjadi kesepakatan dan konsensus bersama mayoritas warga negara, sehingga tidak mudah bisa diganti dalam setiap periode suksesi kepemimpinan nasional.
Narasi perubahan yang kerap disampaikan Capres Nasdem, Anies Rasyid Baswedan baru sebatas jargon politik, sama seperti halnya narasi para oposan yang ingin memenangkan kontestasi pemilu dengan narasi perubahan, bukan opisisi radikal yang hendak mengubah ideologi dan arah pembangunan ke depan.
Karakter oposisi dalam konstelasi politik Indonesia berbeda dengan di sejumlah negara misalnya di Mesir, Tunisia dan Sudan yang memang mengedepankan perjuangan ideologis, sehingga antara oposisi dan penguasa tidak ada kompromi.
Sementara, karakter demokarsi (Pancasila) lebih mengutamakan konsep musyawarah mufakat, sehingga kelompok dominan kerap kali rela memberikan kompromi-kompromi politik kepada lawan-oposan atas nama kepentingan bangsa.
Pemilu 2019 menjadi eksperimen sejarah sangat penting dalam demokrasi Indonesia. Kubu lawan yang sejatinya menjadi “antitesa” penguasa, justru menyatu dalam satu kekuasaan dan pemerintahan.
Prabowo Subianto yang menjadi rival politik Joko Widodo pada pemilihan presiden 2014 dan 2019, justru bergabung dalam satu gerbong pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo.
Di sinilah, kompromi kepentingan politik terjadi, sehingga sikap perlawanan revolusioner (antitesa) bisa berubah menjadi “sintesa” demi kepentingan bangsa dan negara.
Dalam perspektif “hegemoni” Gramci (Antonio Gramci: 1971), negara kapitalis terdiri dari dua unsur/perangkat yaitu “masyarakat politik” (political society) yang memerintah melalui paksaan dan “masyarakat sipil” (civil society) yang memerintah melalui persetujuan.
Nah, negara secara aktif telah melakukan “kompromi” untuk menghindari revolusi. Maka, antitesis tidak perlu dikhawatirkan manakala ada kompromi-kompromi ideologis dan politis.
*) Mahasiswa Program Doktoral Kajian Komunikasi Politik dan Diplomasi, Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Sahid Jakarta.
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