Presiden Joko Widodo menyampaikan keterangan usai menghadiri Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi (KTT) BRICS ke-15 di Johannesburg, Afrika Selatan, Kamis, 24/08/2023/ Foto: BPMI Setpres
Presiden Republik Indonesia, Joko Widodo, bersama delegasi terbatas melakukan kunjungan kerja ke sejumlah negara di Afrika yaitu Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambik dan Afrika Selatan, sekaligus menghadiri KTT negara-negara BRICS (Brasil, Rusia, India, China dan Afrika Selatan (south Africa) di Johansburg, (20-24/08).
Kunjungan Presiden Joko Widodo ke negara Afrika baru pertama kali sejak memerintah tahun 2014. Kunjungan ini langka, unik dan menarik, karena walaupun “benua hitam” (sebutan kolonialis Eropa) ini memiliki hubungan historis dengan Indonesia sejak era Soekarno melalui KTT Asia Afrika tahun 1955.
Indonesia belum sepenuhnya memanfaatkan kepentingannya di negara-negara Afrika dan “baru tertarik” masuk ke pasar Afrika setelah adanya pergeseran geopolitik di Kawasan. Mengapa diplomasi Indonesia terlambat merambah Afrika? Sejauh mana Indonesia memanfaatkan politik “bebas aktif” dalam menyikapi perkembangan geopolitik saat ini?
Saatnya Ekspansi
Ilustrasi benua Afrika. Foto: Alexander Lukatskiy/Shutterstock
Secara historis, hubungan Indonesia – Afrika sangat dekat, tetapi jauh secara fisik. Bahkan, negara-negara Afrika baru dilirik Indonesia setelah adanya pergeseran geopolitik di Kawasan tahun 2000-an.
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Soal ekspansi pasar ke Afrika, Indonesia tertinggal dari China yang sudah memupuk hubungan diplomatiknya dengan negara-negara tersebut sejak tahun 1971-an. Ketika China mengambil alih kursi dari Taiwan di PBB, tahun 1971, China mendapat dukungan 26 negara Afrika. Diplomasi Mao Zedong memuji dan berterimakasih atas dukungan negara-negara Afrika sembari berkata “Saudara-saudara kami dari Afrika telah membawa kami ke PBB.“
Pesan Mao Zedong memiliki makna komunikasi diplomatik yang sangat dalam, di mana negara-negara Afrika dirangkul hingga menjadi mitra strategis kerja sama perdagangan, ekonomi dan investasi China saat ini,
Kunjungan Presiden Joko Widodo ke Afrika membawa pesan serupa, mencoba menggairahkan kembali romantisme persahabatan Indonesia dengan negara-negara Afrika melalui ikatan sejarah Konferensi Asia-Afrika di Bandung 1955 dan KTT Gerakan Non Blok (GNB) 1992 di Jakarta, sehingga Presiden Joko Widodo menegaskan pentingnya kerja sama Global South yang memiliki keunggulan demografi, geografis-dan sumber daya alam.
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Populasi Afrika diperkirakan mencapai 1,3 miliar (2019), mewakili 16% populasi dunia. Menurut perkiraan PBB, populasi Afrika dapat mencapai 2,49 miliar pada tahun 2050 atau sekitar 26% dari total penduduk dunia dan 4,28 miliar pada tahun 2100 atau sekitar 39% dari total penduduk dunia. Dengan demikian, Indonesia memiliki potensi untuk menguatkan hubungan diplomatik, menjalin kerja sama ekonomi, perdagangan dan investasi dengan negara-negara Afrika.
Disadari bahwa implementasi jalinan diplomatik Indonesia-Afrika semakin diperkuat sejak era Menteri Luar Negeri Retno Marsudi hingga diselenggarakan Forum Indonesia-Afrika (IAF), 10-11 April 2018 di Bali, diikuti lebih dari 500 partisipan dari 53 Negara di Afrika dengan penandatanganan kesepakatan bisnis senilai 586.56 juta US Dolar serta business announcement senilai 1,3 miliar US Dolar.(ekon.go.id (10/4/2018).
Melalui forum tersebut, pemerintah Indonesia tampak mulai serius menggarap pasar Afrika dalam rangka membuka peluang kerja sama ekonomi, perdagangan dan investasi sebagai ekspansi pasar baru ke negara-negara potensial di Kawasan, walaupun sebagian besar ceruk pasar Afrika sudah dikuasai China.
Memanfaatkan Momentum
Ilustrasi BRICS Summit. Foto: Shutterstock
Selain kunjungan ke 3 negara (Kenya, Tanzania, dan Muzambik) kehadiran Presiden Joko Widodo ke KTT BRICS di Johannesburg Afrika Selatan memiliki makna politik dan diplomatik yang sangat strategis. Indonesia yang berpenduduk sekitar 275 Juta jiwa, mulai tampil dalam tataran dunia yang membawa spirit multilateralisme. BRICS sebagai kelompok negara-negara ekonomi berkembang pesat, secara kolektif bisa mendominasi ekonomi global pada tahun 2050 sebagaimana digambarkan ekonom Goldman Sachs, Jim O’Neil (2001).
Kekuatan demografi dan ekonomi Indonesia sejajar, bahkan melebih sebagian negara-negara BRICS. Maka, kehadiran Presiden Joko Widodo di KTT BRICS Johannesburg, dapat menjadi momentum bagi Indonesia untuk “show up and speak up” menyuarakan semangat multilateralisme kepada masyarakat dunia dengan beberapa catatan: peluang dan tantangannya.
Pertama, bagi Indonesia, BRICS bisa menjadi panggung baru untuk mengukuhkan posisinya di tingkat global. Kehadiran Indonesia dalam KTT BRICS dan jika kemudian (bergabung) dengan BRICS akan memberi kesempatan yang lebih besar kepada Indonesia untuk berbicara dalam forum internasional serta berpartisipasi dalam pengambilan keputusan global melalui akses ke berbagai arena diplomasi.
Kedua: BRICS merupakan kelompok negara yang memiliki potensi besar dalam hal pertumbuhan ekonomi dan perdagangan, sehingga dengan demikian bergabung dengan BRICS dapat membantu Indonesia dalam menjalin kemitraan ekonomi yang lebih kuat dan luas dengan anggota-anggota lainnya, memfasilitasi perdagangan, investasi, dan kolaborasi proyek infrastruktur, termasuk di Afrika.
Ketiga: Indonesia akan mendapatkan akses ke sumber-sumber pendanaan, khususnya melalui New Development Bank (NDB) yang dibentuk negara-negara BRICS untuk mendukung proyek-proyek pembangunan di negara anggotanya.
Hanya saja, ada sejumlah tantangan bagi Indonesia jika bergabung dengan BRICS di antaranya: Pertama, BRICS merupakan aliansi ekonomi dan dagang negara-negara berkembang yang secara historis merupakan “aliansi tandingan” melawan kekuatan Barat yang tergabung dalam negara-negara G7.
Dalam situasi geopolitik saat ini, posisi Rusia dan China yang menjadi rival utama Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa, setidaknya akan memengaruhi sikap politik-ekonomi negara-negara Barat terhadap Indonesia jika Indonesia berada dalam barisan aliansi BRICS.
Kedua: dengan kekuatan ekonomi Indonesia saat ini, posisi Indonesia di BRICS (jika bergabung) belum bisa memengaruhi keputusan strategis blok tersebut yang saat ini didominasi Rusia dan China.
Ketiga, dengan perubahan geopolitik saat ini, di mana China dan Rusia berada dalam pusaran itu, diperlukan strategi bagi Indonesia untuk bersikap, bukan hanya sikap “bebas aktif”, tetapi “strategi tepat dan cerdas” yang dapat memberi keuntungan bagi kepentingan strategis nasional Indonesia.
Pengalaman masa lalu, patut menjadi pelajaran berharga bagi Indonesia. Ketika PBB yang dipelopori negara-negara Barat melakukan embargo kepada Libya sebagai sanksi atas peristiwa Lockerbie, Indonesia bersama negara-negara Barat berada dalam satu barisan, benar-benar mengambil jarak dengan negara Afrika tersebut dengan alasan “bebas aktif. Indonesia baru membuka kantor Kedutaan Besarnya di Tripoli tahun 2001 yang lalu.
Sementara China, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, dan Korea Selatan saat itu memanfaatkan permainan “diplomasi cerdas” di balik embargo tersebut, sehingga mereka mendapatkan keuntungan ekonomi, perdagangan dan investasi besar di Libya.
Kunjungan Presiden Joko Widodo ke sejumlah negara Afrika, termasuk ke Afrika Selatan (KTT BRICS), menjadi momentum baru untuk penguatan diplomasi, ekonomi dan perdagangan Indonesia-Afrika. Pesan Presiden Joko Widodo tentang pentingnya penguatan kerja sama “Global South” bernuansa diplomatik strategis yang perlu ditindak lanjuti.
*) Mahasiswa Program Doktoral Kajian Komunikasi Politik dan Diplomasi, Pascasarjana Universitas Sahid Jakarta
48 thoughts on “Diplomasi Indonesia, Afrika, dan BRICS”
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