Putusan MK dan Rasionalisasi Ambang Batas Parlemen
Fathurrahman Yahya – detikNews
Selasa, 19 Mar 2024 16:00 WIB
Foto: Ari Saputra
Jakarta –Rekapitulasi penghitungan perolehan suara calon presiden/wakil presiden dan legislatif Pemilu 2024 belum diumumkan secara resmi Komisi Pemilihan Umum, terbit putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) terkait perubahan ambang batas parlemen (Parliamentary Threshold) yang kemudian menjadi perdebatan kontroversial.
Dengan putusan MK No.116/PUU/XX-I/2023, ambang batas parlemen sebesar 4% yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang (UU) No.7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum (Pemilu) tidak berlaku lagi karena dinilai tidak sejalan dengan prinsip kedaulatan rakyat. Artinya, DPR RI dan pemerintah dapat melakukan perubahan melalui revisi Undang-undang Pemilu sebelum pelaksanaan Pemilu 2029.
Di tengah situasi politik yang masih memanas, putusan tersebut memunculkan spekulasi bahwa MK seolah meniupkan angin segar kepada partai tertentu yang saat ini sedang berjuang untuk survive dan bisa masuk parlemen. Respons sejumlah politisi mengenai putusan MK tersebut beragam, antara pro dan kontra. Masyarakat “awam” lalu bertanya untuk apa ambang batas parlemen diundangkan dan siapa yang diuntungkan?
Menghindari Fragmentasi
Gonjang-ganjing politik di balik putusan MK tersebut terus bergulir dan akan menjadi polemik yang rumit, karena menyangkut kepentingan strategis partai, terutama pemilik suara dominan di parlemen. Dalam putusan itu, MK tidak menyebukan secara spesifik angka ambang batas karena merupakan kewenangan DPR dan pemerintah, sehingga dengan demikian putusan tersebut memiliki celah politis dan dilematis.
Bisa saja, DPR melalui partai-partai yang sudah ada di parlemen tidak menurunkan ambang batas 4% tersebut sebagaimana diamanatkan MK. Atau, justru mengajukan mekanisme lain misalnya fusi partai untuk memberi ruang kepada partai-partai yang belum memenuhi batas 4% saat ini bergabung dengan partai yang ada.
Sejatinya, perundangan ambang batas parlemen bertujuan untuk mencegah jumlah partai politik yang berlebihan (multipartai) dalam rangka menjaga stabilitas dan menghindari fragmentasi politik yang tidak efektif di parlemen.
Sejauh ini, partai-partai pemilik kursi di parlemen melihat angka 4% masih dalam batas rasional, karena selama dua pemilu (2019 dan 2024), angka tersebut tidak berubah, walaupun dorongan untuk menaikkannya ke angka 5% terus dilakukan PDIP dan Golkar.
Alasan politis yang kerap dimunculkan sebagai motif perundangan ambang batas parlemen untuk menjaga stabilitas dan menghindari fragmentasi politik di parlemen, akibat banyaknya partai (mutipartai) berlebihan, sehingga mengganggu efektivitas pengambilan keputusan di parlemen. Tetapi, perlu disadari bahwa pengabaian terhadap perolehan suara partai-partai kecil-baru, khususnya pada Pemilu 2024 yang tidak memenuhi syarat minimal 4% perolehan suara nasional, akan berimplikasi politik yang tidak kecil.
Berdasarkan hitungan sementara Quick Count sejumlah lembaga survei, diperkirakan hanya 8 – 9 partai politik yang lolos ke parlemen dari 18 partai politik (nasional) peserta Pemilu 2024. Artinya, ada ratusan ribu suara sah nasional yang hangus dan tidak bisa dikonversi menjadi kursi di parlemen. Apakah partai-partai (non parlemen) yang mewakili ragam identitas dan kepentingan tersebut harus tereliminasi?
Sejak pemerintahan Orde Lama, politik aliran yang bermuatan identitas menjadi persoalan tersendiri dalam pergumulan politik Indonesia, sehingga menguatkan politisasi identitas yang mewujud dalam partai-partai politik. Oleh karena itu, Soekarno mencoba membangun identitas nasional politik kebangsaan Indonesia berdasarkan kecenderungan sosiopolitik dan ideologis dengan menggulirkan konsep Nasionalisme, Agama dan Komunisme (Nasakom). Namun, periode ini juga menyaksikan konflik identitas dan fragmentasi politik yang kompleks dan berlanjut hingga awal pemerintahan Orde Baru.
Pada 1971, terdapat 10 partai politik yang ikut berpartisipasi dalam kontestasi pemilu dengan beragam identitas dan ideologinya. Untuk menghindari fragmentasi politik yang tajam, pemerintah Orde Baru mencoba dan berupaya menekan persoalan konflik identitas antar etnis dan agama yang dianggap dapat mengancam stabilitas sosial politik melalui kebijakan fusi (penggabungan) partai politik, sehingga hanya terdapat tiga partai politik yaitu Golongan Karya (Golkar), Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP), dan Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI).
Era Reformasi yang ditandai dengan berakhirnya rezim Orde Baru pada 1998 memunculkan semangat demokratisasi. Era tersebut telah memberi ruang semakin leluasa bagi setiap warga negara untuk mengartikulasikan hak-hak politiknya, sehingga bermunculan partai-partai politik (multipartai) dengan beragam kepentingan, aliran, dan identitasnya. Di sini, persoalan politik kembali muncul yang kemudian melahirkan aturan ambang batas parlemen sebagai syarat minimal suara bagi partai politik untuk bisa menempatkan wakilnya di parlemen.
Hegemoni Partai Besar
Sejak 2008, utak-atik ambang batas parlemen (parliamentary threshold) adalah hal biasa sebagai bagian dari upaya mempertahankan posisi dan kekuasaan partai di parlemen. Setelah melalui perdebatan dan negosiasi antarparpol, pada akhirnya ambang batas parlemen berlaku secara bertahap. Pada Pemilu 2009 (2,5%), 2014 (3,5 %), 2019 (4%), dan 2024 (4%).
Partai besar sebut misalnya PDIP dan Golkar saat itu hingga menjelang Pemilu 2024 masih mewacanakan ambang batas parlemen sebesar 5% dengan alasan untuk mendukung efektivitas pemerintahan. Usulan ambang batas 5% yang terus digulirkan itu tentu akan menguntungkan PDIP dan Golkar sebagai partai besar yang menempati posisi teratas perolehan suara dan kursi di parlemen.
Penentuan ambang batas tidak lain sebagai strategi dominasi, bahkan hegemoni partai besar terhadap partai-partai kecil-menengah. Jika ambang batas parlemen diturunkan, memang akan semakin banyak partai politik baru yang bisa berkompetisi dalam setiap pemilu dan berada di parlemen, termasuk pada Pemilu 2029. Di sini, ada pertarungan antara “gajah dan tikus” di dalam rimba demokrasi kita.
Partai besar tentu tidak mau kalah dan mau mengalah, sehingga dibuatlah Undang-Undang Ambang Batas Presiden (Presidential Threshold) yang tinggi (20%). Dengan putusan MK, bisa saja, ambang batas parlemen kemudian dirasionalisasi hingga 3 – 2,5% untuk mengakomodasi kepentingan partai kecil-menengah, tetapi kartelisasi politik di parlemen tidak bisa dihindari. Dengan demikian, jika ambang batas parlemen direvisi atau diturunkan sebagaimana dalam putusan MK, maka selayaknya ambang batas presiden juga diturunkan dari 20% agar partai-partai menengah memiliki kesempatan yang sama untuk mencalonkan wakilnya dalam kontestasi Pemilu Presiden/Wakil Presiden 2029.
Belajar dari Pengalaman
Belajar dari pengalaman, syarat ambang batas yang besar seperti pernah diberlakukan di Rusia (5%) dan Turki (10%), banyak suara pemilih yang sah tidak terwakili di parlemen. Pada Pemilu 1995 di Rusia, lebih dari 45% suara pemilih hangus dan tidak terwakili di parlemen. Hal serupa juga terjadi di Turki, di mana ambang batas 10% dari sistem electoral threshold telah memberangus setidaknya lebih dari 40% suara pemilih dari 16 partai politik yang tidak mencapai syarat ambang batas tersebut pada Pemilu 2002.
Ambang batas parlemen 10% yang diberlakukan di Turki sangat menguntungkan partai AKP (Partai Keadilan dan Pembangunan) yang berhaluan religius, sehingga dalam tiga pemilu (2002,2007,2011) partai pimpinan Recep Tayyep Erdogan unggul secara berturut-turut. Bahkan, pada Pemilu 2011 memperoleh suara 50,4%, mengungguli Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP – 25,9%) dan Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP – 12,9 %).
Belajar dari pengalaman tersebut, sejatinya ambang batas parlemen (Parliamentary Threshold) dan ambang batas presiden (Presidential Threshold) layak dikalkulasi ulang dan dirasionalisasi dalam rangka memenuhi keadilan politik bagi masyarakat yang mewakilkan suaranya kepada partai-partai kecil dan menengah.
Fathurrahman Yahya, mahasiswa Doktoral Kajian Komunikasi Politik dan Diplomasi Universitas Sahid Jakarta
Baca artikel detiknews, “Putusan MK dan Rasionalisasi Ambang Batas Parlemen” selengkapnya https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-7248116/putusan-mk-dan-rasionalisasi-ambang-batas-parlemen.
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